The Heartbreak of Blood Transfusions

drop-heart-ekg-350Patients with ischemic heart disease have always been of special concern for transfusion therapy.  There are a number of observational studies showing that moderate to severe anemia in patients with cardiac disease is associated with adverse outcomes, including higher mortality rates.  This observation correlates nicely with what we know about the unique aspects of the physiology of our beating hearts.  While most tissues have the ability to extract more oxygen from the blood when demand increases, the heart muscle (myocardium) extracts near-maximal concentrations of oxygen under resting conditions.  For that reason, the primary adaptive response to increased oxygen demand or decreased oxygen supply is to increase coronary artery blood flow.   Continue reading

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The New Rules of Blood Supply and Demand: Time for a Vein-to-Vein Value Chain

As a capstone exercise for my MBA, I wrote a book chapter on transfusion economics.  It was a real eye-opener for me as I calculated the total cost of blood products,  which can be 4 to 8 times the purchase cost when you fully account for all the associated resources and for the impact of transfusion related adverse events.2  I co-authored the chapter with an economics professor from Butler, Dr. Kathy Paulsen-Gjerde.  As economists like to do, Dr. Paulsen-Gjerde explored the market dynamics for blood products in the U.S., drawing supply and demand curves which described price sensitivity, called price elasticity of demand.  When a product has inelastic demand, large price increases have a relatively small impact on reducing consumer demand, e.g., a 20% increase in price leads to only a 5% decrease in demand.

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The Joint Commission Blood Management Performance Measures

Editor’s note (TH):  This month’s guest contributor is Harriet Gammon, who works for The Joint Commission’s Division of Quality Informed consent documentMeasurement and Research. Ms. Gammon is a nurse who is a passionate advocate of quality patient care, and she has played a central role in moving the Blood Management Performance Measures project from concept towards reality. While there have always been existing regulatory standards for blood utilization oversight and transfusion safety from a variety of agencies (AABB, CAP, TJC, state boards of health), elevation of these standards to performance measures is a “game changer.” The Joint Commission is the acknowledged leader in developing standards for quality and safety for healthcare, and for evaluating performance within healthcare organizations based on these standards. Considering the fact that more than 18,000 health care providers use The Joint Commission standards to guide how they administer care and improve performance, the establishment of Blood Management Performance Measures will shine a bright light on an important area of patient care that has been inadequately addressed in many hospitals. Continue reading

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Code Red: Labor and Delivery

As an anesthesiologist, I have always said that obstetric anesthesia is the best of times and the worst of times. It often seems that pregnant women are happier to see me than to see their obstetrician, because I am the guy putting in the epidural and taking away their labor pains (aka, Dr. Feelgood). Watching the pregnant patient relax and then literally feeling tension ease in the room is a great thing. However, when you work with a high risk obstetric population, things can go from good to very bad at the blink of an eye. While modern management of labor and delivery is generally very safe, complications still can occur for the baby and mother. Although losing a patient’s airway during a “crash” cesarean section is a constant fear of OB anesthesiologists, the clear and present danger is obstetric hemorrhage. Continue reading

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A Washed Cell is a Happy Cell

I recall fondly a button that my early blood management mentor, Dr. Paul Potter, used to wear on his lab coat with that particular saying. Dr. Potter was a staff anesthesiologist at the Naval Medical Center San Diego, and he was an early proponent of all things blood management, especially autotransfusion (commonly referred to as “cell saver” or “cell salvage”). Dr. Potter was introduced to early versions of autotransfusion machines as a young Navy Corpsman during the Vietnam era. The Navy- Marine Corps team has always worked in austere environments, and the ability to retransfuse shed blood in a combat setting was a tremendous advance. Many combat ships and most forward medical aid stations did not have the ability to store blood products, so autotransfusion greatly enhanced the capabilities of the “walking blood bank.” Dr. Potter taught a generation of Navy anesthesiologists, including myself and Dr. Jonathan Waters, the benefits of autotransfusion as a tool in the blood management tool box. It is interesting to note that another Naval Medical Center San Diego alumnus, Dr. Carlos Brown from University Medical Center Brackenridge, just published a case series noting the safety and cost effectiveness of autotransfusion in trauma patients.1

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Wrong Patient – Wrong Unit: Preventing Transfusion Errors

Previous newsletter articles have discussed the importance of appropriate transfusion decisions as a critical element of transfusion safety, as well as the role of bedside nursing as vigilant advocates during the transfusion administration process. This month’s article focuses on the technical and regulatory aspects of avoiding transfusion errors through the prevention of pre-analytical mistakes, bedside identification errors, and the use of event reporting systems.

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Nurses at the Heart of Transfusion Safety

This month as we celebrated Nurse’s Week I hope you were all able to reflect on the many contributions that the profession of nursing has made in healthcare. More nursing programs than ever before are embracing evidence-based care models, developing multidisciplinary care teams and establishing professional accountability. Significant progress with hospital initiatives focusing on the prevention of falls, pressure ulcers and hospital-acquired infections are nurse-driven and a testament to the success of coordination and teamwork in the healthcare setting. However, our work is far from finished. Hospital blood management and transfusion safety are two areas that have received minimal attention over the years. Continue reading

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Blood Money

In the current environment of healthcare reform, the pressure for cost savings and cost effective healthcare has never been greater. As I define it, blood management is about quality, safety and stewardship, with a goal to ensure the careful and responsible management of the community blood supply as well as the safe and efficient use of healthcare resources involved in blood management. Blood management promotes the optimal use of blood products. Implementing evidence-based guidelines successfully is the most cost effective way to reduce unnecessary blood expenditures. A previous newsletter article emphasized effective blood utilization committees as the heart of blood management programs, making sure patients get no more or no less blood than they need. A quote by Dr. Donald Berwick from the Institute of Healthcare Improvement that sums up this balanced approach is: “Patient’s should get all the care they need and none they don’t; safely, efficiently and at low cost.” Continue reading

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Proactive Vs. Reactive Patient Care: Preoperative Anemia Management

Submitted by: Joseph Thomas, BSN, RN | Vice President, Clinical Systems, Strategic Healthcare Group, LLC

Preoperative preparation and planning are essential for the safe and optimal management of surgical patients. This principal applies to the management of preoperative anemia in elective surgical patients with anticipated major blood loss. As the use of autologous predonation continues to fall out of favor due to its ineffectiveness as a blood conservation measure, there is growing interest in proactively addressing anemia in high risk surgical patients. Of all the risk factors for transfusion in surgical procedures, low red cell mass is consistently at the top of the list; more importantly, it is one of the few risk factors that is modifiable. Anemia and transfusion in surgical patients have been associated with a higher incidence of complications, including infection, longer length of stay, and increased perioperative mortality. Continue reading

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The Importance of Effective Blood Utilization Committees

February is always a good month to talk about blood utilization oversight because it is the anniversary of the Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care (TRICC) trial, published in the New England Journal of Medicine on February 11th, 1999.1 In this study, 838 anemic critically ill patients were prospectively randomized into one of two treatment strategies: transfuse at a hemoglobin level of 10 gm/dL, a very traditional approach to these challenging patients, or transfuse at a hemoglobin level of 7 gm/dL, which was a very radical departure from common practice in 1999. Continue reading

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